| 週次 |
授課內容 |
| 第1週 |
General principles of arthropod morphology, the organization of the arthropod body. Homology and homology criteria. Most important examination methods. |
| 第2週 |
A brief overview of embyonic development. Gastrulation and germ layers, primary and secondary body cavities and their fate during embryogenesis. |
| 第3週 |
Segmentation and its regulation; primary and secondary body segments. Tagmata. Serial homologies of segments of different arthropod classes: facts and unresolved problems. The segmental appendages. General structure, major evolutionary modifications. |
| 第4週 |
The body wall and its derivatives. Sclerites and associated cuticular structures (ridges, sutures, sulci). Articulations, apodemes and other muscle attachment surfaces. Structure of the cuticle; ecdysis. Cuticular derivatives on the outer body surface and cuticular invaginations. |
| 第5週 |
The head. Serial homologies of the cephalic segments and their appendages; the arthropod head problem; different interpretations, unresolved problems, recent developments. |
| 第6週 |
Gross morphology of the exo- and endoskeleton of the insect head, problems of homologization. |
| 第7週 |
Cephalic appendages. The antennae. The mouthparts and their derivation from paired segmental limbs. Most important modifications of the mouthparts in different orders. Modes of feeding. |
| 第8週 |
Mid-semester exam. |
| 第9週 |
The thorax. Origin of the pleural region. Primary and secondary sternum. The thoracic legs. Structure, functional aspects. Specialized modifications. The pretarsus and its adhesive structures. |
| 第10週 |
The wings. Origin: classical theories (tergal, appendicular) in the light of modern developmental data; unresolved problems. General structure. Wing articulation; the axillary region. Wing folding; functional and evolutionary aspects. Subdivisions of the alar area; some elementary principles of the wing venation. Wing muscles; flight. |
| 第11週 |
The abdomen. Gross morphology: sclerotizations of the pregenital abdomen; organs supposedly derived from abdominal appendages, unresolved problems about their origin and homologization. |
| 第12週 |
(no class this week) |
| 第13週 |
(no class this week) |
| 第14週 |
An introduction to insect splanchnology. Compartmentalization of the insect body cavity. The haemolymph. The organs of circulation. The respiratory system and its adaptation for various habitats. The alimentary tract. Embryonic development, ectodermal and endodermal sections, functional morphology of the main portions, specialized modifications assisting digestion and absorption. The Malpighi-tubules and their function. |
| 第15週 |
The internal genitalia. Functional morphology of the gonads. The ovary, different types of ovarioles and oogenesis. The testes, spermatogenesis. The mesodermal genital tracts and associated structures. |
| 第16週 |
The ectodermal genitalia of the male and the female. Problems of homologization and evolutionary origin: appendicular or secondary origin? Functional considerations. Important or interesting specializations in particular insect groups in respect of copulation and oviposition.
The nervous system and the sensory organs. Gross morphology, neuromeres of the head, ganglia. A brief introduction to the histological structure of the insect brain. The sensory organs.
Final exam. |
自主學習
內容 |
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